chapter 5 - THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

TUGAS OLEH :

1. BENG DIHQANTAMA - 20207204
2. JOKO ADI PRASETYO - 20207612
3. LITA PRADITHA - 20207663
4. PURRI SETIANINGRUM - 20207860

Chapter 5 

       1. ”because literature survey is a time-consuming exercise, a good, in depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework”. Discus this statement.

at this juncture, its becomes easy to follow the progression of research from the first stage of managers sensing the broad problem area. to preliminary data gathering (including literature survey), to development of theoretical framework based on the literature review and guided by experience and intuition, to formulation of hypotheses for testing.

2. there is an advantage in stating the hypothesis both in the null and in the alternate it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing. Explain.

yes, there is. the null  hypothesis is thus formulated so that it can be tested for possible rejection. if we reject the null hypothesis, then all permissible  alternative hypothesis relating to the particular relationship tested could be support.

      3. it is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenever we are sure if the predicated direction. How will you justify this statement?

yes it is, if in starting the relationship between two variables or comparing two groups, terms such positive, negative, more than, and the like are used, then these hypothesis are directional because the direction of the relationship  between the variables (positive/negative) is indicate, or the nature  of the difference between two groups on a variable (more than/less than) is postulated

4. for the following case “problems at roadway hospitality,”

1. identify the main problem
2. develop a theoretical framework
3. develop at least four hypotheses

problem at roadway hospitality

john Campbell, the CEO of roadway Hospitality was wondering now to differentiate among the three different types of facilities offered under the road way hospitality flagship so at to attract the right type of clients to each of the facilities. The roadway deluxe was meant for business travels, the roadway express was meant for those looking for the least expensive accommodation, and the roadway royal, was meant to provide high quality service for big spenders. Campbell felt that revenues could be quadrupled if only clients understand the distinction among the three types of facilities offered. 

            Keen on developing a viable strategy to eliminate the brand confusion and make clear the distinction. John Campbell conducted a customer survey of those who had used each type of facility an found the following. The costumer were blissfully unaware of the differences among the three types of facilities. Many complained about how old the building were and how poorly the facilities were maintained. The quality of service was also rated as poor. Furthermore, when rumor seems to have spread that one the customers had not helped clients to understand the differences.

            Campbell thought that he first needed to understand how the different classifications would be important to the several classes of clients, and then he could develop a marketing strategy that would enhance revenues. Simultaneously. He recognized that unless the franchise owners fully cooperated with him in all his plants, mere face lifting and improvement of customer service would not bring in the added revenues he hoped for.

1. the main problem is facility that offered in the main road.
2. Theoretical framework : john Campbell, the CEO of roadway Hospitality was wondering now to differentiate among the three different types of facilities offered under the road way hospitality flagship so at to attract the right type of clients to each of the facilities. Campbell conducted a customer survey of those who had used each type of facility an found the following. The costumer were blissfully unaware of the differences among the three types of facilities. Campbell thought that he first needed to understand how the different classifications would be important to the several classes of clients, and then he could develop a marketing strategy that would enhance revenues.
3. Hypothesis :

1.        make The roadway deluxe business travels, the roadway express  for the least expensive accommodation

2.       not make The roadway deluxe business travels, the roadway express  for the least expensive accommodation

3.       make The roadway deluxe business travels, the roadway express  for the expensive accommodation

4.       not make The roadway deluxe business travels, the roadway express  for the expensive accommodation

CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

TUGAS OLEH :

1. BENG DIHQANTAMA - 20207204
2. JOKO ADI PRASETYO - 20207612
3. LITA PRADITHA - 20207663
4. PURRI SETIANINGRUM - 20207860

CHAPTER 1

1.      Define research and explain the difference between applied and basic research.

2.      Why is it important for managers to know about research?

3.      Explain why handling the manager-researcher relationship effectively is important.

4.      Describe a situation where it would be more beneficial to engage an external research team rather than an internal one.

5.      “Because basic research is not applied immediately to a problem, it is less valuable and useful than applied research.” Comment on this statement.

6.      “If managers learn how to conduct good research by taking a course such as this book offers, there would be no need to hire anyone to solve problems in organizations.” What is your response to this statement?

7.      Describe a situation where research will help you as a manager to make a good decision.

8.      Given the following situation: (a) discuss with reasons, whether it will fall into the category of Applied or Basic research, and (b) who will conduct the research.

To Acquire or Not to Acquire: That is the Question

Companies are very interested in acquiring other firms even when the latter operate in totally unrelated realms of business. For example, Gencore Industries manufacturing asphalt plants for road construction acquired Ingersoll-Rand in 1996. And later acquired yet another company engaged in the business of food processing. Such acquisitions are claimed to “work miracles”. However, given the volatility of the stock market and the slowing down of business, many companies wonder whether such acquisitions are becoming too risky. At the same time, they also wonder if they are missing out on a great business opportunity if they fail to engage in this activity. Some research is needed here!

Answer :

1.      Research ; a somewhat intimidating term for some, is simply the process of finding solutions o a problem after a thorough study and analysis of the situational factors.

Research can be undertaken for two different purposes ; One is to  solve a current problem faced by the manager in the work setting, demanding a timely solution is called applied research. The other is to generate a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in organizations can be solved, this is  called basic research.

2.      Because knowledge of research not only helps one to look at the available information in sophisticated and creative ways in the fast-paced global environment in which businesses exist, but this knowledge also helps in the other ways. And modern technology has made research an exciting and a relatively smooth process. As managers, we have to know about it.
3.      The manager-researcher relationship effectively is important, because The manager should make sure while hiring researchers that; The roles and expectations of both parties are made explicit. Relevant philosophies and value systems of the organization are clearly stated, and constraints, if any, communicated. There is good rapport established with the researchers, and between the researchers and employees in the organization, so that the latter cooperate fully with the researchers.
4.      There are at least four advantages in engaging an internal team to do the research project :
·         The internal team would stand a better chance of being readily accepted by the employees in the subunit where research needs to be done.
·         They would require much less time to understand the structure, the philosophy and climate, and the functioning and work systems of the organization.
·         They would be available for implementing their recommendations after the research findings are accepted.
·         The internal team might cost considerably less than an external team for the department enlisting help in problem solving, because they will need less time to understand the system due to their continuous involvement with various units of the organization. For problems that are low complexity, the internal team would be good.
The advantages of the external team are :
·         The external team can draw on a wealth of experience from having worked with different types of organizations that have had the same or similar types of problems. This wide range of experience would enable them to think both divergently and convergently rather than rushing to an instant solution on the basis of the apparent facts in the situation. They would be able to consider several alternative ways of looking at the problem because of their extensive problem-solving experiences in various other situations. Having viewed the situation from several possible angles and perspectives, they could critically assess each of these, discard the less viable options and alternatives, and focus on specific feasible solutions.
·         The external teams, especially those from established research and consulting firms, might have more knowledge of current sophisticated problem-solving models through their periodic training programs, which the  teams within the organization may not have access to. Because knowledge obsolescence is a real threat in the consulting area, external research institutions ensure that their members are current on the latest innovations through periodic organized training programs. The extent to which internal team members are kept abreast of the latest problem-solving techniques may vary considerably from one organization to another.
Knowledge of research methods and an appreciation of  the comparative advantages of the external research team help managers to make decisions on how to approach problems and if the problem is a complex one, or if there are likely to be vested interest, or if the very existence of the organization is at stake because of one or more serious problems, it would be advisable to engage external researchers despite the increased costs involved rather than an internal one. 
  5.      “because basic research is not applied immediately to a problem, it is less valuable and useful than applied research” ; on basic research, research done chiefly to enhance the understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in organizational settings, and seek methods of solving them. The other one research is different methods, we have to applying the result of the finding to solve specific problems currently.
6.      I don’t agree with that statement. Because in this book, internal-external teams help managers to make decisions on how to approach problems and determine whether internal or external researchers will be the appropriate choice to investigate and solve the problem.
7.      Knowledge of research methods and an appreciation of  the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the external and internal team help managers to make decisions on how to approach problems and determine whether internal or external researchers will be the appropriate choice to investigate and solve the problem.
8.      (a) undertaken specifically to solve a current business problem whereas the latter is primarily resorted to because of the importance of the subject to researcher. To acquire other firms in basic research as well.      (b) internal researcher will conduct the research.

diggsdigg CHAPTER 2-SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

TUGAS OLEH :

1. BENG DIHQANTAMA - 20207204
2. JOKO ADI PRASETYO - 20207612
3. LITA PRADITHA - 20207663
4. PURRI SETIANINGRUM - 20207860

CHAPTER 2

1.Describe the hallmarks of scientific research.

2.What are the steps in hypothetico-deductive research? Explain them, using an example not in the book.

3.One hears the word research being mentioned by various groups, including research organizations, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper reporters, journalist, lawyers, doctors, and other professionals and nonprofessionals. In the light of what you have learned in this chapter. Which among the aforementioned groups of people doo you think may be doing ”scientific” investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why?

4.Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an example of each.

5.If research in the management area cannot be 100 percent scientific, why bother to do it at all? Comment on this statement.

6.Critique the following research done in a service industry as to the extent to which it meets the hallmarks of scientific investigation discussed in this chapter.

The Friendly Telephone Company            

Customer complaints were mounting, and letters of complaint regarding the problems they experienced with the residential telephones lines were constantly pouring in at the Friendly Telephone Company. The company wanted to pinpoint the specific problems and take corrective action.

Researchers were called in, and they to a number of customers, keeping notes on the nature of the specific problems they faced. Since the problems had to be attended to very quickly, they developed a theoretical base, collected relevant detailed information from a sample of 100 customers, and analyzed the data. The results are expected to be fairly accurate with at least 85 percent chance of success in problem solving. The researchers will make recommendations to the company based o the result of data analysis.  

Answer :

1.      The hallmarks of scientific research ;

·         Purposiveness

·         Rigor

·         Testability

·         Replicability

·         Precision and Confidence

·         Objectivity

·         Generalizability

·         Parsimony  

2.      The steps in hypothetico-deductive method of research ;

·     Observation : the first stage, in which one senses that certain change are occurring, or that some new behaviors, attitudes, and feelings are surfacing in one’s environment.

·   Preliminary information gathering : involves the seeking of information in depth, of what is observed.

·      Theory formulation : an attempt to integrate all the information in a logical manner, so that the reason for the problem can be conceptualized and tested.

·       Hypothesizing : the next logical step can be tested to determine if the statement would be supported.

·       Further scientific data collection : data on every variable in the theoretical framework from which hypotheses are generated should also be collected.

·     Data analysis : the data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that were generated have been supported.

·      Deduction : process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the data analysis result.

Example of the application of the hypothetico-deductive method of research ; A sales manager might observe that customers are perhaps not as before.

· Observation : He is not certain about that but he has uneasy feelings regarding declining customer satisfaction.

· Preliminary information gathering : The next step calls for some preliminary data gathering. The manager might talk casually to few consumer about how they feel about the product and customer service.

· Formulating a theory : He might find that consumers like the product but are upset because many of the items they need are frequently out of stock, and they perceive the salespersons as not being helpful. He find that the supply is not on time.

·  Hyphothesizing : Gathering data formally and informally helped him to determine that a problem dose exist.

· Data collection : It help him also to formulate a conceptual mode or theoretical framework of all factors contributing to the problem.

· Data analysis : In this case there is network of connections among the following factors: -delays by the factory in delivering goods; -the notification of later delivery dates, which may not kept; -the promises of salespersons to the consumers that cannot met.

· Deduction : we found from the data analysis that all of which contribute to the customer dissatisfactions.  

3.      Research departments in industries group of people doing scientific investigation in basic research. Because from other professionals and nonprofessionals groups of people beginning doing scientific investigation are their.  

4.      Deduction is the process by which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact. For example, we know that all high performers are highly proficient in their jobs. If john is a high performer, we then conclude that he is highly proficient in doing his job. Induction  is a process where we observe certain phenomena and on this basis arrive at conclusions. In other words, in induction we logically establish  a general proposition based on observe facts. For instance, we see that the production processes are the prime features of factories or manufacturing plants. We therefore conclude the factories exist for production purposes. Both the deductive and the inductive processes are applied in scientific investigations.  

5.      The manager also realizes that although organizational research cannot offer 100 percent accuracy in results, choices and trade-offs among the various criteria of scientific investigation can be made to obtain valid results for good decision making.  

6.      The problem had to be attended to very quickly and the results are expected to be fairly accurate with at least 85 percent chance of success in problem solving. The friendly telephone company solving the problem based on the hallmarks of scientific research.

0diggsdigg CHAPTER 3-COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS RESEARCH

TUGAS OLEH :

1. BENG DIHQANTAMA - 20207204
2. JOKO ADI PRASETYO - 20207612
3. LITA PRADITHA - 20207663
4. PURRI SETIANINGRUM - 20207860

CHAPTER 3

1.As a manager, what kinds of information do you think you will be exploring through the internet for research?

2.In what ways are personal computers useful to the organization?

3.How do you think you will apply the concepts of Data Warehousing and Data Mining in a company doing retail business?

4.How does the PC help in information gathering and information dissemination?

5.How can PC technology be misused? Give some hypothetical instances where this could occur.

Answer :

1.      I will exploring the internet for simple data collection to developing information systems to facilitate further research and decision making by other managers in organization to reference.

2.      Personal Computers (PCs) are fast,accurate, reliable, and economical, and they also facilitate compact storage by reducing paperwork to the minimum. Help managers to obtain, retain, and analyze data for decision making in a variety of instances. Organizational research using analytic techniques like simulation.  

3.      Data Warehousing and Data Mining are aspects of information systems. Most companies are now aware of the benefits of creating a data warehouse that serves as the central repository of  the relevant information pertaining to the company’s finance, manufacturing, sales, and such. And many companies resort to data  mining as a strategic tool for obtaining new levels of business intelligence. Data mining makes it possible to trace retail sales patterns by zip code and the time of day when the purchases are made, so  that optimal stocking of items becomes possible.

4.      The internet, the intranet, the web, and e-mail are now widely used in business and are also important tools and offer data gathering facilities for research, while at the same time increasing the productivity, profits, and effectiveness of organizations.  

5.      PC technology are rapid and software programs are being developed at a very fast rate. This is would have enormous potential for providing the basis for conducting good research and to empower employees to function more effectively.

CHAPTER 8-MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES: OPERATINAL DEFINITION AND SCALES

TUGAS OLEH :

1. BENG DIHQANTAMA - 20207204
2. JOKO ADI PRASETYO - 20207612
3. LITA PRADITHA - 20207663
4. PURRI SETIANINGRUM - 20207860

BAB 8 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER
1.What meant by operasional definition and why is it necessary?
2.Operationally define the following
a.Sexual Harassment
b.Diversity-positive environtment
c.Carrer success
3.Describe the four types of scales
4.How is the internal scale more sophisticated than nominal and ordinal scales?
5.Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerful of the four scales?


Answer


1.Operational definition is mean about necessary to measure abstract concept such as those that usually,fall in to subjective area of feelings and attitudes
2.a.sexual harassment is mean about the motivation of the worker are likely to play part in decision making
b.diversity-positive environment is about a achievement motivation likely,driven by work,unable to relax, impatience with inerfectiveness,seeks moderate challenge,seeks feed back
c.carrer success is mean about how we can applying or tapping the subjective feelings and perceptions of individuals,and motivation of course.
3.Nominal scales is highlights the differences by classifying objects or persons into groups,and provides the leas an
4.Because is used to responses various items that measure a variable can be tapped on a five point(or seven point or any other number point) scale.
5.Because we can obtain precision in quantifiying the data and greater flexibility in using more powerful statistical tes can be used to measure the variables of interest.

0diggsdigg CHAPTER 9-MEASUREMENT: SCALING, RELIABILITY, VALIDITY

1. BENG DIHQANTAMA - 20207204
2. JOKO ADI PRASETYO - 20207612
3. LITA PRADITHA - 20207663
4. PURRI SETIANINGRUM - 20207860

BAB 9 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER

1.Briefly describe the difference between attitude rating scales and indicate when the two are used

2.Why is it important to establish the “goodness” of measures and how is this done?

3.Construct a semantic different scale to assess the properties of a particular brand of coffe or tea

4.“Whatever possible,it is advisable to use instruments that have already been developed and repetedly used in published studies,rather than develop our own instruments for our studies. “do You agree,Discuss the reasons for your answer

5. “A valid instrument is always reliable,but a realiable instrument may not always be valid” Comment on this statement

Answer

1.The difference is the rating scales are often used in organizational research,like briefly describe each of the precending attitudinal scales and ranking scales are used to top prefences between two or more objects or items (ordinalinature)and indicate are can be used in developing instrument,after a concept has been orationally defined

2. Because can established through the different kinds of validity and reliability to ensure that we engage in scientific research,we can look is done if the instrument is already reputed to be “good”

3. Hot……………Cold

Sweet…………Original

Black…………White

4. I am agree because is use better instruments will ensure more accurate results,which in turn will enchance the scientific quality of the research..

5. I think is have an error variability resulting from wording and ordering of the Question.

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